In Ghana, almost 2 million children, aged 5–17 years, which corresponds to about 22% of this age group, are involved in Child Labour.Footnote 7 Further statistics are somewhat chilling. The ILO good will address presented at the Stakeholder forum by Mr Emmanuel Kwame Mensah, Officer –in-charge, ILO, Caring Gold Mining Project, shed some light on the issues of Child labour in Ghana and provided assurances of ILO’s commitment to eradicating worst forms of child Labour. Challenge. The content of such legislation is not disputable. Such merchandise is subject to exclusion and/or seizure, and may lead to criminal investigation of the importer(s)’.Footnote 1 The US Department of Labour, over the years, has partnered with the Ghanaian government, civil society organizations, and other key stakeholders to address child labour issues within Ghana’s cocoa industry as a means of ensuring that cocoa exports are not in any way associated with child labour.Footnote 2 These collaborative efforts have been made possible through the Harkin-Engel Protocol, under which voluntary commitments have been made between the US and Ghana in a declaration entitled: ‘Protocol for the Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and their Derivative Products in a Manner that Complies with International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 182’.Footnote 3 Since the Harkin-Engel Protocol was signed, US$24 million has been provided by the US Department of Labour to support the eradication of child labour issues in Ghana and Ivory Coast.Footnote 4. 182)’, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C182 (accessed 6 November 2020). 8 Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6) Child Labour Report, August 2014. Poverty is not the cause of child labour. Hostname: page-component-79b67bcb76-4whtl Just like most developing countries Ghana has being experiencing child labor after the nation independence with the children involved in both heavy and light jobs. The Child Labour Quagmire in Ghana: Root Causes and Ephemeral Solutions II. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.034. For poorer households, child labour is a negative coping mechanism and most of the children are involved in agriculture and fishing industries. Child labour Report; Data in 2010 Population and Housing census report (Go to page 81-94 of its document.) 1. This article discusses the nature of child labour within Ghana’s cocoa industry and the governance gaps that exist, and proffers some recommendations in this regard. There are several challenges that Parliament is likely to face in an attempt to perform the above suggested functions. It follows that a litigation strategy that targets comprehensive judicial review and standard setting regarding child labour could lead to significant reform in that domain. Slightly less than half this number (73 million) are engaged in hazardous work,Footnote 6 meaning they work under dangerous conditions with little or no protection. 2 US Department of Labour, ‘Child Labour in the Production of Cocoa’, Bureau of International Labour Affairs (2017), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/our-work/child-forced-labor-trafficking/child-labor-cocoa (accessed 14 August 2019). "shouldUseHypothesis": true, With 152 million children involved in child labour worldwide, we still have a long way to go. 141Causes of Child Labour Source: Field Data, February, 2013 Figure 4 .4. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2. Girls do more household chores while boys work in the labor force. According to UNICEF’s 2012 State of the World’s Children Report, 34 percent of Ghanaian children aged 5–14 years are engaged in child labour. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare none. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Feature Flags: { According to wikipedia, Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or full-time basis. Again, exclusive legislation would mean that Parliament would have to designate a Ministry to be charged with child labour issues, with an accompanying budget. We found evidence to support the claim that child labor in Ghana follows an intergenerational pattern, thus parents who were once child laborers are more likely to cause their children to work. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Enduring poverty means that parents have to put their children to work early on. Data in Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in 5 High Densely Populated Localities 2010-2011 (Go to Ghana and Click on its report) From SIMPOC source (Click on Ghana.) Globally, there are approximately 152 million children... III. Consequently, the Government of Ghana through the Ministry yment of Emplo The 60 participants included government officials, representatives from NGOs, and both parents whose children were involved in child labour and parents whose children were not involved. for this article. The Ministry could also work to intentionally integrate programmes for the elimination and prevention of child labour into existing government policies across the spectrum of initiatives in various ministries, departments and agencies.Footnote 32. Additionally, article 23 of the Constitution, nested in Chapter 5 of the Constitution, imposes a mandatory duty on administrative bodies and officials to act fairly and reasonably and to comply with requirements imposed on them by law. According to Mull L. Diane, and Stephen R. Kirkhorn. Ghana should be a mother who protect, defend and enforce the rights of her children so that they grow freely and happy. This is all the more difficult because Parliament is often called upon to ratify agreements without the opportunity to amend them. The incidence of child labour in Ghana’s cocoa sector and its consequences have become a focus for attention in the international and local media since 2001. Most children involved in WFCL suffer from depression and often lack hope that their situation will improve.Footnote 12 Data from the World Bank, UNICEF and the United States Department of Labour confirm these findings.Footnote 13 Even though data and statistics on child labour are widely publicised, and the prevalence of WFCL in Ghana is evident, the phenomenon persists and may be on the rise. Globally, there are approximately 152 million children involved in child labour. , works at Infotech Plus Ghana Limited Answered 3 years ago The causes of child labour may be categorized variously: economic, social-cultural and inadequate educational and social service system. This paper finds that the socio-cultural contexts of child labour play a critical role in children's involvement in farming in the rural area while poverty also contributes to children's engagement in artisanal fishing work in the slum urban communities in Ghana. Disturbing details emerging from the latest and most authoritative survey on the subject reveal that of the 1.9 million children engaged in child labour, 1.2 million are engaged in WFCL.Footnote 8 The fact that 91% of such children have two living parents points to the fact that neglect of parental responsibility may be a major cause of child labour in Ghana.Footnote 9, Ghanaian child workers are engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing (91.2%); wholesale and retail trade (13.2%); mining and quarrying; manufacturing; construction; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities; information and communication; and as household employees. One of the worst forms of child labour that occurs in Ghana is the trafficking of children. Ghana MODERATE ADVANCEMENT 2017 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR 1 In 2017, Ghana made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. 242Children Forfeit their Education due to Galamsey Source: Field Data, February, 2013Data gathered indicates that 47.0% of total valid responses agreed with the assertion that children who engaged in Galamsey mining eventually forfeited their education; with 46.0% of them … Mr Mensah noted that in Ghana, the estimated proportion of child labour is 21% and the importance of distinguishing between child labour … Chapters 5 and 6 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana contain an elaborate list of standard civil, political, economic and social rights that relate directly to child labour. Child labour has a multiplicity of causes including socialisation and poverty. The link between economic deprivation and child labour must be considered. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. At the moment, different ministries have superintendence over various aspects of child labour. 5 Government of Ghana (2003), Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy: 2003–2005; Government of Ghana (2010), Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework: Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA), 2010–2013; Government of Ghana (2014), Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) II, 2014–2017. 22 Berlan, Amanda, ‘Social Sustainability in Agriculture: An Anthropological Perspective on Child Labour in Cocoa Production in Ghana’ (2013) 49 Journal of Development Studies 1088–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 23 Baah, Francis, ‘Use of Children and the Issue of Child Labour in Ghanaian Cocoa Farm Activities’ (2010) 2:9 Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 198–204.Google Scholar, 24 Baah, Francis, ‘Cocoa Cultivation in Ghana: an analysis of farmers’ information and knowledge systems and attitudes’. Much theoretical and empirical evidence is presented to argue that child labour has a multiplicity of causes including cultural practices, socialisation, poverty, and lack of mechanisation of work. Child labour deserves legislation that is exclusively focused on the subject, as has been done for human trafficking. Begging and child labour was considered as a service in exchange for quranic education, and in some cases continues to this day. Incidence of child labour in cocoa production in Ghana In the past decade, various concerns have been raised about child labour use in the agricultural sector of Ghana where cocoa in particular plays a major role. The study focuses on parental perceptions of the causes of child labour. In Ghana, the internal trafficking of children into hazardous labour is a major challenge. Children are also trafficked to and from Cote d’Ivoire, Togo, Nigeria and Gambia as domestic servants, labourers, and in the cocoa industry. Ghana has a responsibility to fight child labour issues especially on cocoa farms. The category of WFCL includes child domestic work, fishing, head porterage, commercial sexual exploitation, customary or ritual servitude, small-scale mining and quarrying, and commercial agriculture.Footnote 11 Most children engaged in WFCL work in very dangerous and hazardous working environments, which routinely expose them to injuries, toxic substances, sexual abuse, violence and even death; and many child workers suffer from physical, psychological and emotional disturbances. Children doing hazardous work has gone up in the world’s top coca producers, a US government study found. The hardships and difficulties faced by children in Ghana include slavery and forced labour, poverty, physical and moral violence, sexual abuse, poor quality education as well as certain ancestral rites. In Ghana, any Bill that has financial implications (‘in the opinion of the person presiding’ in Parliament) must be introduced by or on behalf of the President. In December 2005, the government of Ghana enacted the Human Trafficking Act (Act 694) as its most comprehensive legislation against trafficking in persons. Much theoretical and empirical evidence is presented to argue that child labour has a multiplicity of causes including cultural practices, socialisation, poverty, and lack of mechanisation of work. What is Child Labour? Secondly, legislation on child labour must be comprehensive. The research is grounded on qualitative research techniques by specifically utilising in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation to collect the necessary data for the study. "newCiteModal": false, Child Labour in Ghana, Child Labour and Labour Laws in Ghana, Can I Employ a Child?, Child Labour and Exploitation and more on Mywage Ghana. B ackground on the C hild L abour S ituation in G hana. In northern parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Islam is a major influence. Causes. 19 The Guardian, ‘Aboard the Slave Ship of Despair: Traffickers Buying the Young in West Africa’ (2001), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/16/chrismcgreal (accessed 6 November 2020). 35 [1996–97] SCGLR 729. Has data issue: true The agricultural sector of Ghana employs over 65% of the country’s labour force (State of the Ghanaian Economy Report, 2005). The negligence, selfishness, apathy and ignorance of a country is the root cause of child labour. Interventions that target the root causes include: developing effective models for addressing exploitative child labour; improving access to education by eliminating mainly financial barriers; and ensuring that social programmes target child labour-endemic areas. Interventions in this regard include: education, skills training, credit schemes and rural development, all of which provide opportunities for an effective fight against child labour.Footnote 5 It is argued, nevertheless, that significant gaps remain with regard to measures that deal with the root causes of the problem, ensure effective sanctions against exploiters, and cater to the needs of children caught in the web of child labour, particularly in Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL). National Child Labour Survey. It was also found that there is a trade-off between child working and schooling decisions. As you have access to this article, full HTML content is provided on this page. 149389. Those who have lived to tell of such things say they were left with a tiny amount of food and only filthy drinking water for a journey that lasts days […] The dilapidated Nigerian ship has been plying the west coast for years, transporting its cargoes of children to labour in the sprawling cocoa plantations, or to work as servants, and de facto sex slaves, in the homes of the rich. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, See also ILO-IPEC (2013), Marking Progress Against Child Labour – Global Estimates and Trends 2000–2012, Geneva, p vii, which put the number of children in child labour at 161 million. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. One in six children age 6–14 are engaged in labor activities in Ghana, with child employment being the leading alternative to schooling. 10 Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6) Child Labour Report, August 2014. 28 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime on the Work of its First to Eleventh Sessions, U.N. GAOR 55th Session, Agenda Item 105, U.N. Doc. The Constitution further confers a right on persons aggrieved by acts and decisions of any person or institution, including administrative bodies and officials to have recourse to a court or tribunal for redress. Many Ghanaian children participate in child labor due to desperation and ignorance. An abstract is not available for this content. 32 Bureau of International Labour Affairs, ‘Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour’ (2017), https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5bd05ac616.pdf (accessed 12 November 2020). The incentives for its existence are many. Intentional and definitive legislative action, and failing that, comprehensive judicial responses, are needed to stem the tide of child labour in the developing world, including Ghana. C hild L abour and the C ocoa I ndustry in G hana. Child labour; the effect on child, causes and remedies to the revolving menace 1 Introduction For many years, child labour has been one of the biggest obstacles to social development. The research is grounded on qualitative research techniques by specifically utilising in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation to collect the necessary data for the study. Especially in Hence, although some form of child labour may be taking place in some cocoa farms, it may not be as pervasive as is often portrayed by the Western media. The study focuses on parental perceptions of causes of child labour in rural and urban areas of Ghana. In the last two decades the courts of Ghana have played a significant mediating role. Consistent with the quote above, the US Department of Labour puts the number of children engaged in hazardous work on cocoa farms in both Ghana and the Ivory Coast at 2 million.Footnote 20 Working in hazardous conditions on cocoa farms definitely has negative effects on children’s health, education and future livelihoods.Footnote 21 The Fairtrade Foundation attributes the causes of child labour to poverty, unjust terms of world trade, conflict and drought.Footnote 22. Child labour is a stark reality in Ghana, and the prevalence of WFCL tends to aggravate the issues, making the reality harder to deal with. It is noteworthy that the Supreme Court of Ghana has approved the application of this constitutional provision through simple processes by ordinary Ghanaians in the 2004 decision in the case of Awuni v West African Examinations Council (WAEC).Footnote 33. It is a challenge and long-term goal in many countries to abolish all forms of child labour. While free public education is available in Ghana, many families cannot afford the uniforms and books required to enroll in school. Others look at causes and effects of child labour on the development of the country (Adonteng- 31 Palermo Protocol, supra note 6, Preamble. A deep culture of apprenticeship means that many do not see child labour as wrong, even if they fail to realize that such labour, in a changing world with a vastly transformed labour market, has become increasingly hazardous. Ghana and the LGBT community The other cause of child trafficking in Ghana is explained by the cultural practices. between Ghana and other countries, trafficking within the country is more prevalent than transnational trafficking and majority of these victims are children who according to a survey report in 2003 by the Ghana Statistical Services are numbering around 1.27million, who are engaged in child labour.1. In this case, the Supreme Court accorded a corporate body the same status as a natural person in enforcing the fundamental rights enshrined in the 1992 Constitution of Ghana. Child labour has been in existence even before the 16th century. This paper recommends the adoption of policies that would address WFCL. This, it is suggested, can be done at different levels: (i) enacting new legislation; (ii) amending existing legislation; or (iii) ratifying, through the mechanism of an Act of Parliament, all the major international treaties, conventions and agreements that address child labour issues. This paper recommends that child labour must be tackled in a coordinated manner on a cross-sectoral basis and there is the need to adopt policies that would address the category of work that falls within worst forms of child labour (WFCL). As the Executive Branch has not in many decades proposed legislation to comprehensively address child labour issues, we should look to the Ghanaian Parliament to do so. 9 Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Child labour Survey, 2003 (GCLS, GSS 2003). Q. Child labour has a multiplicity of causes including socialisation and poverty. It must at once address the root causes of child labour (poverty and culture) as it addresses the symptoms. Figure 44Figure 4.3.4 Pervasiveness of Child Labour Figure 4 .4. Child labour will not simply go away. According to Canagarajah and Coloumbe (1997), approximately 90 per cent of all children aged 7 to 14 years in Ghana are involved in some forms of household chores. Postdoctoral Fellow, York University, Department of Social Science, Canada. No one knows how many children die as they are shipped to the cocoa plantations of West Africa. It has been argued that every Bill has financial implications, as even the paper on which the Bill is printed for examination by Parliament is a charge on the Consolidated Fund. Some have interpreted this provision in such a way as to make it next to impossible for PMBs to be proposed. National development plans over the years have consistently included child labour as one of the problems to be addressed, and reiterate the Government’s intention to design and implement interventions to tackle it. The Children’s Act of 1998 is a comprehensive enactment which seeks to protect the rights of children, including the right to education, health and shelter. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Social Sustainability in Agriculture: An Anthropological Perspective on Child Labour in Cocoa Production in Ghana, Use of Children and the Issue of Child Labour in Ghanaian Cocoa Farm Activities, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Cocoa Cultivation in Ghana: an analysis of farmers’ information and knowledge systems and attitudes, PhD Thesis, Institute of International Development and Applied Economics, https://www.cbp.gov/trade/programs-administration/forced-labor, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/our-work/child-forced-labor-trafficking/child-labor-cocoa, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C182, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/16/chrismcgreal, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/field/africa/central.pdf, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5bd05ac616.pdf. Children are trafficked within the country as domestic servants, cocoa farm labourers, street vendors, porters, for work in the fishing industry, and for use in sexual exploitation. Another challenge is that Ghana, as a dualist (as opposed to a monist country), does not allow the automatic application of international treaties, conventions and agreements signed by the Executive. Fighting child labour. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of, the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.Footnote 29, The Palermo Protocol mandates State Parties to take the necessary measures to prevent trafficking, protect and assist victims, criminalize trafficking and also engender cooperation in the international arena for the fight against trafficking.Footnote 30 The Palermo Protocol and its definition of trafficking paved the way for national authorities, especially States parties to adopt a holistic and a comprehensive approach to combat trafficking.Footnote 31. The link between economic deprivation and child labour must be considered. This law puts the minimum age for employment at 15 years.Footnote 14 In June 2000, Ghana ratified the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (ILO Convention 182).Footnote 15 Ghana has also ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 2005, which contains extensive provisions on the rights of the Child that are more far reaching than those contained in the Children’s Act. Email: cdowuona-hammond@ug.edu.gh. Save for the ongoing education and sensitization in the country, lots of families in Ghana will freely and willingly give their children to join … The government secured at least five convictions for offenses related to the worst forms of child labor and launched the National Plan of Action Since independence, the cocoa industry has contributed significantly to Ghana’s foreign exchange earnings, household income, and employment generation. Half the victims of child labour come from the regions, with most being of school-going age. Email: ratuguba@law.harvard.edu. "figures": false, A report on child labour situation in Ghana issued by 27 Daily Graphic Report, 29 March 2005, No. The study focuses on parental perceptions of causes of child labour in rural and urban areas of Ghana. Causes of child labour: Perceptions of rural and urban parents in Ghana, Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice, Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The United Nations Children and Educational Fund, The United States Agency for International Development. See also Kelly Hyland, The Impact of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 8 HUM. Additionally, policy-makers and NGOs must consider the link between economic deprivation and child labour when implementing programmes designed to combat the problem. According to the ILO, child labour is defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. 26 International Labour Organization (ILO), Combating Trafficking in Children in West and Central Africa, Synthesis Report Based on Studies of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Togo, 2001 at 5, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/field/africa/central.pdf (last visited on 10 June 2007). View all Google Scholar citations RTS. Many people in Takoradi are unaware of the alarming effects of child labour in Ghana. Of all children in Ghana aged 5 to17 years, about 21 per cent are involved in child labour and 14 per cent are engaged in hazardous forms of labour. Others believe that the Constitution did not intend to outlaw all PMBs; but only those that have direct and significant financial implications. 17 Berlan, Amanda, ‘Child Labour in Cocoa: Whose Voices Prevail?’ (2009) 29 The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 141–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Several attempts at introducing PMBs in Ghana have all failed. "newCitedByModal": true, But that migration is now feeding growing child labour, especially in cities and towns. Cocoa plantations and mines have always pulled people south. This piece has shown that there are growing and worrying trends in the incidence of child labour in Ghana. Poverty is, therefore, cyclical in these circumstances – much more than cheap labor is being exchanged. The research is grounded on Concurrent Parallel mixed methods research design. The root causes of child labour include illiteracy, poverty and lack of information. The experience of the cocoa industry in Ghana offers lessons for the legislature, executive, judiciary and other critical stakeholders about the need to promote international labour standards and ensure that child labour is eradicated from Ghana’s cocoa industry. Given that Ghana operates under a common law tradition, the role of courts in shaping policy or legislation will continue to be very significant. 30 (2001). Ghana’s Human Trafficking Act defines trafficking in persons in similar terms as article 3 of the Palermo Protocol.Footnote 28 Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol which provides the first internationally agreed definition of trafficking in persons defines the term as follows: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. SDG Goal 8.7 calls for the elimination of all forms of child labour by 2025. What is known are the appalling conditions on many of the boats. 6 ILO-IPEC (2017), Global Estimates of Child Labour: Results and Trends, 2012–2016, Geneva, p 11. Such a strategy would be twofold: establishing precedent that could be used to prevent the many human rights abuses implicated in WFCL, and effectively cripple the practice; and secondly, and perhaps more importantly, targeting state institutions that should be guarding against WFCL as defendants, using Article 23 of the Constitution, and getting the courts to literally order them, on pain of sanctions, to do their job. 20 US Department of Labour, ‘Child Labour in the Production of Cocoa’, Bureau of International Labour Affairs (2017), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/our-work/child-forced-labor-trafficking/child-labor-cocoa (accessed 14 August 2019). Visiting Professor of Law and Henry J Steiner Visiting Professor in Human Rights, Harvard Law School, USA and Associate Professor, University of Ghana School of Law, Ghana. For instance, the 1992 Ghanaian Constitution in Article 28 guarantees the child’s protection from engaging in any work that is considered injurious to his or her health, education and development. This debate has still not been resolved by Parliament and to date has not been submitted to the courts for resolution. trends of child labour in Ghana. This works out to be almost one in every ten children in the world. 16 US Department of Labour, ‘Child Labour in the Production of Cocoa’, Bureau of International Labour Affairs (2017), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/our-work/child-forced-labor-trafficking/child-labor-cocoa (accessed 14 August 2019). The 60 participants included government officials, representatives from NGOs, and both parents whose children were involved in child labour and parents whose children were not involved. 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